{"id":546,"date":"2026-06-26T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-26T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/?p=546"},"modified":"2026-06-24T04:04:17","modified_gmt":"2026-06-24T09:04:17","slug":"how-animals-create-their-own-house-rules","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/2026\/06\/26\/how-animals-create-their-own-house-rules\/","title":{"rendered":"How Animals Create Their Own House Rules"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- START ARTICLE --><\/p>\n<p>Your dog walks into the living room, glances at the couch you just vacuumed, and settles onto the floor instead. Your cat suddenly refuses to enter the kitchen during dinner prep, even though that&#8217;s where the food action happens. These aren&#8217;t random quirks. Animals create invisible rule systems in shared spaces, establishing boundaries and routines that govern their daily lives just as surely as any written household policy governs yours.<\/p>\n<p>Understanding how animals develop and enforce their own house rules reveals a sophisticated level of behavioral organization that most pet owners never fully recognize. These self-imposed guidelines shape everything from where they sleep to how they interact with family members, creating a complex social structure that exists parallel to human household management. The rules aren&#8217;t taught by humans. They emerge through experience, observation, and an animal&#8217;s innate drive to create predictable patterns in their environment.<\/p>\n<h2>The Territory Mapping That Happens Without You Noticing<\/h2>\n<p>Animals divide living spaces into invisible zones long before humans recognize the pattern. A dog might claim the area near the front door as their monitoring station, positioning themselves there every evening around the same time. A cat establishes the windowsill in the bedroom as their exclusive observation post, communicating through body language that this spot belongs to them during certain hours.<\/p>\n<p>These territorial divisions aren&#8217;t accidents. Animals assess foot traffic patterns, sunlight movement, temperature variations, and sightlines when establishing their preferred zones. The corner of the living room that seems randomly chosen as your dog&#8217;s favorite spot likely offers optimal views of both the front door and the kitchen, allowing them to monitor household activity from a strategic vantage point.<\/p>\n<p>Multi-pet households reveal even more complex territorial arrangements. Dogs and cats in the same home often develop time-sharing agreements for premium locations, with one animal occupying a space during morning hours and another claiming it in the afternoon. These arrangements emerge through subtle negotiations involving posture, timing, and patience rather than confrontation.<\/p>\n<p>The fascinating aspect of animal territory mapping is its flexibility. While the zones remain relatively stable, animals adjust boundaries based on household changes. A new baby might prompt a dog to expand their protective monitoring zone to include the nursery. A home renovation could trigger a complete remapping as animals reassess traffic patterns and establish new optimal positions.<\/p>\n<h2>Timing Systems Animals Create and Actually Follow<\/h2>\n<p>Animals develop precise internal schedules that structure their days with remarkable consistency. A cat who wakes their owner at 6:15 every morning isn&#8217;t being randomly annoying. They&#8217;ve established a feeding time rule in their mental framework, and deviations from this schedule create genuine stress in their routine-oriented minds.<\/p>\n<p>Dogs often create elaborate timing rules around household activities. They know when children typically return from school, positioning themselves near the door fifteen minutes early. They recognize the sound patterns that signal walk time, responding not just to leash rattling but to the specific sequence of events that precedes outdoor adventures: shoes being retrieved, keys picked up, phone grabbed from the counter.<\/p>\n<p>These timing rules extend beyond food and walks. Many animals establish designated play periods, rest times, and social interaction windows. A dog might consistently bring toys to family members between 7:00 and 8:00 PM, having determined through observation that this hour typically offers the best chance for engagement. A cat might have strict &#8220;do not disturb&#8221; hours during afternoon naps, responding with irritation to any interaction attempts during their established rest period.<\/p>\n<p>The precision of animal timing systems becomes most obvious during disruptions. Daylight saving time changes can throw animals off for days as they struggle to reconcile their internal schedule with shifted human routines. Weekend sleep-ins frustrate pets who&#8217;ve established weekday feeding times, leading to increasingly insistent wake-up attempts as their scheduled meal time passes unacknowledged.<\/p>\n<h3>How Animals Adjust Rules for Different Family Members<\/h3>\n<p>Perhaps the most sophisticated aspect of animal house rules involves their different behavioral protocols for various family members. Dogs who won&#8217;t accept treats from children but readily take them from adults have established safety rules based on past experiences with small hands and unpredictable movements. Cats who allow one person to pick them up but flee from others have created personal space rules customized to individual family members.<\/p>\n<p>These personalized rules extend to interaction styles and privileges. A dog might have determined that roughhousing is acceptable with teenagers but not with elderly family members, adjusting their play intensity accordingly. They learn which person is most likely to share food, who gives the best ear scratches, and who will definitely take them for walks when asked.<\/p>\n<h2>The Social Hierarchy Rules That Govern Multi-Pet Homes<\/h2>\n<p>When multiple animals share a household, they develop intricate social rules that determine everything from feeding order to sleeping arrangements. These hierarchies aren&#8217;t always based on size or species. A small cat might dominate a large dog through strategic positioning and confident body language, establishing themselves as the household&#8217;s top-ranked animal despite their physical disadvantage.<\/p>\n<p>Food-related rules in multi-pet homes often become the most clearly defined. Animals establish eating orders, with higher-ranked individuals feeding first while others wait patiently at designated distances. These rules extend to treat distribution, water bowl access, and even kitchen positioning during meal preparation. The rules emerge through trial and negotiation, eventually settling into stable patterns that minimize conflict.<\/p>\n<p>Sleeping arrangements reveal social hierarchies clearly. Premium sleeping spots like beds, favorite chairs, or sunny windowsills typically go to higher-ranked animals first. Lower-ranked pets wait until prime locations are vacated or settle for secondary spots. Interestingly, these hierarchies often shift based on time of day or circumstance. An animal who defers during feeding time might claim priority for evening couch space.<\/p>\n<p>Play rules in multi-pet households demonstrate sophisticated social understanding. Animals establish different play styles with different housemates. A dog might engage in rough physical play with one canine companion but adopt gentler interaction patterns with a smaller or older animal. They learn which housemates appreciate chase games versus wrestling, adjusting their approach based on past responses.<\/p>\n<h3>The Surprising Fairness of Animal-Created Rules<\/h3>\n<p>Animal house rules often display an unexpected sense of fairness and reciprocity. Dogs who establish &#8220;my toy&#8221; rules typically respect similar boundaries when other pets claim items. Cats who demand personal space during rest periods generally grant the same courtesy to housemates. This mutual respect system suggests animals recognize that sustainable household harmony requires give-and-take rather than absolute dominance.<\/p>\n<p>Conflict resolution follows established rules too. When disputes arise over resources or space, animals often revert to consistent patterns rather than escalating to physical confrontation. A dog might yield a toy after a specific duration of play, having learned through experience that toys rotate through the household. A cat might vacate a sleeping spot after a certain period, allowing another animal access without being forced to move.<\/p>\n<h2>Boundary Rules Animals Enforce With Humans<\/h2>\n<p>Animals don&#8217;t just create rules for other animals. They establish clear boundaries with human family members, communicating expectations through consistent behavioral responses. A dog who moves away when hugged during meals has created a &#8220;no affection during food time&#8221; rule. A cat who tolerates petting for exactly three minutes before walking away has established a time limit on physical contact.<\/p>\n<p>These human-directed rules often reflect past experiences and individual preferences. A dog who insists on smelling visitors before allowing them to enter has established a security protocol based on their understanding of their household protection role. A cat who demands specific petting locations while prohibiting others has created detailed rules about acceptable touch based on sensitivity and preference.<\/p>\n<p>Space invasion rules become particularly clear during rest periods. Many animals establish &#8220;do not disturb&#8221; zones around their beds or crates, communicating through body language that these areas are off-limits during sleep time. They might tolerate human presence nearby but respond negatively to direct contact or disturbance, having determined that uninterrupted rest is non-negotiable.<\/p>\n<p>Animals also create rules about human activities they find stressful or unpleasant. A dog who leaves the room during vacuum cleaning has established an avoidance rule for loud appliances. A cat who hides during bath time has created a clear boundary around water-related activities. These rules represent attempts to maintain control over their environment and minimize exposure to situations they find threatening or uncomfortable.<\/p>\n<h2>Environmental Rules Based on Past Experiences<\/h2>\n<p>Animals develop location-specific rules based on accumulated experiences in different areas of the home. A dog who refuses to walk on hardwood floors after slipping once has created a safety rule about surface traction. A cat who won&#8217;t enter the bathroom after being accidentally locked inside has established an avoidance rule for enclosed spaces with closing doors.<\/p>\n<p>These experience-based rules can be highly specific. An animal might avoid a particular chair not because of the chair itself but because someone once sat down without noticing them, creating a negative association. They might refuse food from a specific bowl because it once contained something that upset their stomach, establishing a &#8220;not this container&#8221; rule that persists long after the original incident.<\/p>\n<p>Weather-related rules demonstrate animals&#8217; ability to create conditional protocols. Dogs who love walks during clear weather but resist during rain have established weather-dependent outdoor rules. Cats who claim sunny windowsills during winter but avoid them during summer heat have created temperature-based location preferences that shift seasonally.<\/p>\n<h3>How New Experiences Modify Existing Rules<\/h3>\n<p>Animal house rules aren&#8217;t fixed permanently. They evolve as animals encounter new situations and gather additional information. A dog who initially feared the basement might gradually modify their avoidance rule after repeated positive experiences in that space. A cat who refused to share sleeping spots might adjust their rules after forming bonds with a new pet.<\/p>\n<p>Rule modification typically happens gradually rather than suddenly. Animals test boundaries cautiously, making small adjustments to established patterns before fully changing their behavior. This conservative approach to rule changes makes sense from a survival perspective, as sudden behavioral shifts could have unexpected consequences.<\/p>\n<h2>The Communication Systems That Maintain These Rules<\/h2>\n<p>Animals use sophisticated communication methods to establish and maintain their house rules. Body language forms the primary communication channel, with posture, ear position, tail movement, and facial expressions conveying information about boundaries and expectations. A dog&#8217;s stiff posture near their food bowl communicates &#8220;stay back during meals&#8221; without any vocalization needed.<\/p>\n<p>Timing and positioning serve as important rule-enforcement tools. An animal who consistently positions themselves between a resource and other household members is establishing priority access rules. A cat who always arrives at the feeding area first is communicating their expectation of eating before others, using spatial positioning rather than aggression to maintain their rule.<\/p>\n<p>Vocalization patterns reinforce rules in many households. Dogs might bark at specific times to remind humans of established schedules, essentially saying &#8220;you&#8217;re late according to our agreed-upon routine.&#8221; Cats might vocalize when humans violate established boundaries, using meows or growls to communicate rule infractions.<\/p>\n<p>Consistency in responses teaches household members what the rules are. An animal who always responds the same way to specific situations is providing clear information about their expectations. A dog who consistently brings their leash at the same time daily is communicating a walk schedule rule. A cat who always scratches the same post is establishing territory marking routines that other animals learn to recognize and respect.<\/p>\n<h2>Why Understanding Animal House Rules Matters<\/h2>\n<p>Recognizing that animals create and follow their own rule systems changes how we interpret their behavior. What looks like stubbornness might actually be an animal adhering to an established rule that conflicts with human expectations. What seems like random behavior patterns often reflects consistent rule-following that humans haven&#8217;t recognized or understood.<\/p>\n<p>Understanding animal house rules reduces household conflict. When humans recognize that a dog&#8217;s reluctance to enter certain rooms reflects an established avoidance rule rather than defiance, they can address the underlying concern rather than forcing compliance. When cat owners understand that aggressive responses to handling reflect boundary rules rather than meanness, they can adjust their interaction approaches to respect those boundaries.<\/p>\n<p>These self-created rules provide animals with a sense of control and predictability in environments where humans make most decisions. Allowing animals to maintain their established rules when those rules don&#8217;t conflict with household needs shows respect for their autonomy and contributes to their psychological well-being. A dog who&#8217;s allowed to follow their established morning routine feels more secure than one whose patterns are constantly disrupted.<\/p>\n<p>The sophistication of animal house rules reveals cognitive abilities that casual observation might miss. Animals demonstrate planning, consistency, flexibility, and social awareness when creating and maintaining these rule systems. They show memory by following rules established through past experiences, reasoning by adjusting rules based on new information, and social intelligence by creating different rules for different household members.<\/p>\n<p>Next time your pet displays what seems like peculiar behavior, consider that you might be witnessing rule-following rather than randomness. That cat who sits in the hallway at 6 PM isn&#8217;t just hanging out. They&#8217;re positioned according to their established protocol for monitoring dinner preparation activities. That dog who won&#8217;t cross the living room during TV time isn&#8217;t being difficult. They&#8217;re respecting their own rule about not blocking sightlines during family relaxation hours. Animals aren&#8217;t just living in our houses. They&#8217;re actively organizing their experience through self-created guidelines that make their world more predictable, manageable, and their own.<\/p>\n<p><!-- END ARTICLE --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Your dog walks into the living room, glances at the couch you just vacuumed, and settles onto the floor instead. Your cat suddenly refuses to enter the kitchen during dinner prep, even though that&#8217;s where the food action happens. These aren&#8217;t random quirks. Animals create invisible rule systems in shared spaces, establishing boundaries and routines [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[160],"class_list":["post-546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-pet-behavior","tag-routines"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How Animals Create Their Own House Rules - PuppyBear Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/2026\/06\/26\/how-animals-create-their-own-house-rules\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Animals Create Their Own House Rules - PuppyBear Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Your dog walks into the living room, glances at the couch you just vacuumed, and settles onto the floor instead. Your cat suddenly refuses to enter the kitchen during dinner prep, even though that&#8217;s where the food action happens. These aren&#8217;t random quirks. Animals create invisible rule systems in shared spaces, establishing boundaries and routines [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/2026\/06\/26\/how-animals-create-their-own-house-rules\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"PuppyBear Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-06-26T05:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Puppy Bear Blog\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Puppy Bear Blog\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/2026\/06\/26\/how-animals-create-their-own-house-rules\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/2026\/06\/26\/how-animals-create-their-own-house-rules\/\",\"name\":\"How Animals Create Their Own House Rules - PuppyBear Blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-06-26T05:00:00+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/e871131692368105938827f216aadd3e\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/2026\/06\/26\/how-animals-create-their-own-house-rules\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/2026\/06\/26\/how-animals-create-their-own-house-rules\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/2026\/06\/26\/how-animals-create-their-own-house-rules\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"How Animals Create Their Own House Rules\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/\",\"name\":\"PuppyBear Blog\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/e871131692368105938827f216aadd3e\",\"name\":\"Puppy Bear Blog\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fadae5a764cf70e43f51414f30109b84bb282855f476a21cd4f66452a9ce8ab7?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fadae5a764cf70e43f51414f30109b84bb282855f476a21cd4f66452a9ce8ab7?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Puppy Bear Blog\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/blog.puppybear.tv\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/author\/blogmanager\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"How Animals Create Their Own House Rules - PuppyBear Blog","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/2026\/06\/26\/how-animals-create-their-own-house-rules\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"How Animals Create Their Own House Rules - PuppyBear Blog","og_description":"Your dog walks into the living room, glances at the couch you just vacuumed, and settles onto the floor instead. Your cat suddenly refuses to enter the kitchen during dinner prep, even though that&#8217;s where the food action happens. These aren&#8217;t random quirks. Animals create invisible rule systems in shared spaces, establishing boundaries and routines [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/2026\/06\/26\/how-animals-create-their-own-house-rules\/","og_site_name":"PuppyBear Blog","article_published_time":"2026-06-26T05:00:00+00:00","author":"Puppy Bear Blog","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Puppy Bear Blog","Est. reading time":"11 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/2026\/06\/26\/how-animals-create-their-own-house-rules\/","url":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/2026\/06\/26\/how-animals-create-their-own-house-rules\/","name":"How Animals Create Their Own House Rules - PuppyBear Blog","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/#website"},"datePublished":"2026-06-26T05:00:00+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/e871131692368105938827f216aadd3e"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/2026\/06\/26\/how-animals-create-their-own-house-rules\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/2026\/06\/26\/how-animals-create-their-own-house-rules\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/2026\/06\/26\/how-animals-create-their-own-house-rules\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"How Animals Create Their Own House Rules"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/","name":"PuppyBear Blog","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/e871131692368105938827f216aadd3e","name":"Puppy Bear Blog","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fadae5a764cf70e43f51414f30109b84bb282855f476a21cd4f66452a9ce8ab7?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fadae5a764cf70e43f51414f30109b84bb282855f476a21cd4f66452a9ce8ab7?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Puppy Bear Blog"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/blog.puppybear.tv"],"url":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/author\/blogmanager\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=546"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/546\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":547,"href":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/546\/revisions\/547"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=546"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=546"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/puppybear.tv\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}